British Indian and Mughal Coins

Albert Frederick Arthur George , universally known as King George VI , reigned as King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 1936 to 1952 . He also held the title of Emperor of India until August 1947 , when the British Raj came to an end with the independence of India. The coinage issued during his reign reflects a period of rapid change, driven largely by the economic pressures of the Second World War . Alterations in alloy composition, minting techniques, edge security, and die varieties make the George VI series one of the most technically complex and extensively studied periods of British Indian numismatics . The Quarter Rupee was struck at the Calcutta, Bombay, and Lahore Mints throughout George VI's reign, with its metallic composition changing several times in response to wartime shortages of silver. The denomination was issued in 0 .917 fine silver in 1939 , followed by 0 .500 fine silver from 1940 and again during 1942-1945 , befo...

The Bengal Presidency , formerly known as the Presidency of Fort William , was the most important administrative division of the British East India Company and later the British Empire in India. At the height of its territorial extent, it encompassed vast regions of present-day Bangladesh, eastern and northern India, Pakistan, and parts of Southeast Asia . Besides serving as the political and commercial centre of British administration, the Bengal Presidency played a pivotal role in the evolution of Indian coinage. The Calcutta Mint , established under the East India Company, became one of the principal centres for the production of machine-struck coins, introducing advanced minting technology that gradually replaced the earlier hand-struck and semi-mechanised methods. Ali Gohar , better known by his imperial title Shah Alam II , was the seventeenth Mughal Emperor and the son of Alamgir II . He ascended the Mughal throne on 10 October 1760 , ruling over an empire that had already ent...

Albert Edward , better known as King Edward VII , reigned as King of the United Kingdom, Ireland, and the British Dominions , and served as Emperor of India from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910 . The eldest son of Queen Victoria , he succeeded to the throne upon her death, ushering in a new series of British Indian coinage bearing his portrait. Although his reign was relatively brief, the coins issued between 1903 and 1910 are of considerable numismatic importance due to numerous die varieties, minting modifications, and transitional changes in alloy composition. The Quarter Anna was one of the smallest circulating denominations of the Edward VII series and was struck exclusively at the Calcutta Mint , with no Bombay issues recorded. The denomination was initially produced in copper from 1903 to 1906 , after which the alloy was changed to bronze , a composition that remained in use until the end of Edward VII's reign in 1910 . Standard references describe the 1908 Quart...

George Frederick Ernest Albert , better known as King George V , reigned as King of the United Kingdom, the British Dominions, and Emperor of India from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936 . Born during the reign of his grandmother, Queen Victoria , he was the second son of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales , and ascended the throne following the death of his father, Edward VII. His reign witnessed important developments in the coinage of British India, although the Half Rupee retained its traditional silver composition and circular format throughout the entire George V series, making it one of the most stable denominations of the period. The Half Rupee was struck continuously in 0 .917 fine silver from 1911 to 1936 at the Calcutta and Bombay Mints . The denomination maintained its standard circular design and official specifications, with the two mints distinguished only by their mint identification. Calcutta Mint issues bear no mint mark , whereas Bombay Mint coins are identifie...

George Frederick Ernest Albert , widely known as King George V , reigned as King of the United Kingdom, the British Dominions, and Emperor of India from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936 . His reign coincided with a period of considerable change in the coinage of British India , driven by economic pressures, rising metal prices, and advances in minting technology. These developments resulted in several alterations to the composition, design, and manufacture of circulating coinage, making the George V series one of the most diverse and extensively studied in British Indian numismatics . The Two Annas denomination experienced its most significant transformation during this period. From 1911 to 1917 , it was struck in 0 .917 fine silver with the traditional circular format . Beginning in 1918 , the denomination was redesigned and issued in copper-nickel , adopting the distinctive rectangular shape with rounded corners and a plain edge that remained in use until 1936 . Production wa...

Albert Frederick Arthur George , better known as King George VI , reigned as King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death in 1952 . He was simultaneously the last Emperor of India , retaining the imperial title until August 1947 , when the British Raj came to an end following Indian independence. The coinage issued during his reign reflects a period of significant transition, influenced by the economic demands of the Second World War , shortages of precious metals, and the eventual replacement of silver with base-metal coinage. Consequently, the George VI series offers one of the most diverse and technically interesting fields of study within British Indian numismatics . The Half Rupee of George VI was struck at the Calcutta, Bombay, and Lahore Mints in a succession of metallic compositions, including 0 .917 fine silver , 0 .500 silver , and ultimately nickel . Standard specifications ranged between 5.70 and 5.90 gr...

Albert Edward , better known as King Edward VII , was the eldest son of Queen Victoria and succeeded to the British throne following her death in 1901 . His reign marked the beginning of a new chapter in the coinage of British India , with his portrait replacing that of Victoria on all major denominations. The Indian coinage bearing the effigy of Edward VII was issued from 1903 to 1910 , representing a comparatively short but numismatically important series. Throughout this period, the One Rupee was struck at both the Calcutta and Bombay Mints . Calcutta issues carried no mint mark , while Bombay specimens were distinguished by a small incuse letter "B" beneath the reverse design. On certain 1903 Bombay Rupees , however, the mint mark appears as a raised "B" , making this first-year issue especially significant to collectors and die variety specialists. The Bombay Mint identification system evolved during Edward VII's reign. In addition to the minute incuse ...