British Indian and Mughal Coins

Alexandrina Victoria, widely recognized as Queen Victoria, ruled as the monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1837 until her passing in 1901. Her reign, famously dubbed the Victorian era, was a transformative period characterized by significant advancements in industry, politics, science, and military power. This era also saw the British Empire reach unprecedented levels of expansion and influence. During Queen Victoria's reign, coin mintages in India were classified into four distinct eras: Continuous Legend under the East India Company (1840–1850) : Coins from this period featured a continuous legend, with the inscription "VICTORIA QUEEN" running uninterrupted across the obverse, over the Queen's head. Divided Legend under the East India Company (1850–1860) : In this era, the inscription "VICTORIA QUEEN" on the obverse was split, separated by the Queen's head. Imperial Coinage under Crow...

From 1757 to 1947, India was under British rule, a period referred to as the British Raj. Although independence could have been granted in the 1930s under more harmonious circumstances, delays by the British government prolonged the struggle. After decades of anticipation, the moment of liberation brought a mix of anxiety and fear. During the war years, propaganda escalated, particularly while Gandhi and other Indian National Congress leaders were imprisoned in the 1940s. Meanwhile, Jinnah viewed the Second World War as a strategic advantage. By 1947, a convergence of factors created a perfect storm, culminating in India's independence. The tragedy of partition lies in how the extreme violence of 1947 has fueled conflicting narratives over the years, solidifying myths about the origins of India and Pakistan. In South Asia, the historical conflict has shifted to an international stage, where India and Pakistan remain locked in a cold war, armed with nuclear missiles aimed at one a...